| Solar panel | Solar array act as instruments that transform sunlight into using PV cells. These are an environmentally friendly and renewable energy source, minimizing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a device that captures sunlight to produce heat, typically used for hot water production or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate heat, which can be used for hot water production, space warming, or electricity production. It is a renewable and sustainable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural legacy, iconic landmarks, and vibrant cities like the capital. It boasts a diverse landscape of gentle slopes, historic forts, and busy metropolitan areas that blend history with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the natural illumination emitted by the star, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it supplies power for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a form of power due to the flow of charged particles, primarily negatively charged particles. It powers countless devices and networks, facilitating contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a opposite electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction stream of electric charge, typically produced by cell packs, power sources, and solar panels. It provides a steady voltage or current, causing it essential for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a unit that holds chemical energy and changes it into electrical energy to operate various digital equipment. It comprises one or more electrochemical cells, each comprising positive and negative electrodes divided by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts sunlight immediately into power using photovoltaic panels composed of solar cells. It is an eco-friendly energy option that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a instrument that changes DC generated by solar panels into AC fit for domestic use and grid integration. It plays a crucial role in optimizing energy use and providing reliable, dependable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that reverses direction regularly, generally used in residential and commercial power supplies. It enables effective transmission of electricity over great lengths and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and damage. It guarantees efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a tool used to determine the extent, volume, or intensity of something accurately. It includes gadgets like scales, temperature sensors, and barometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement throughout the day, maximizing energy absorption. This innovation enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are massive installations that capture sunlight to create electricity using many solar panels. They offer a green and sustainable energy resource, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves placing photovoltaic cells on roofs of buildings to produce electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied photovoltaic system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with solar arrays that collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. This power is then transmitted wirelessly to Earth for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems retain excess power generated from renewable energy or the grid for future use, boosting energy independence and effectiveness. These systems typically utilize batteries to offer backup energy, reduce energy expenses, and assist grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar panels chronicles the development and innovations in solar power technology from the initial discovery of the solar effect to contemporary advanced photovoltaic modules. It showcases key milestones, including the development of the initial silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent innovations that have greatly enhanced power transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French scientist noted for his innovative work in the study of the solar effect and luminescent phenomena. His research laid the basis for comprehending how light interacts with particular materials to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrician and scientist known for finding out the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His work formed the basis for the development of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free platform used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an American inventor who created the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work set the basis for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work paved the way for modern solar energy technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous R&D entity historically associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the origin of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and 14, well known for its essential role in the manufacturing of electronics and solar panels. It is a hard, fragile crystal material with a blue-grey metallic luster, predominantly employed as a semi-conductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a compact component installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This technology improves system effectiveness, facilitates enhanced performance oversight, and increases energy production in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a component that turns sunlight immediately into electricity through the solar energy process. It is often used in solar arrays to supply a green and sustainable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that provides eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon acts as a fundamental particle which represents a unit of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without containing rest mass. It has a crucial role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the phenomenon by which specific substances turn sunlight immediately into electricity through the creation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the basic foundation behind photovoltaic technology, allowing the harnessing of solar sunlight for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for fabricating integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where integrated circuits are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their lightweight, bendable structure, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials just several micrometers in thickness to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the mass of building components and fixed equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as users, furniture, and environmental factors. Both are critical considerations in structural design to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components in a line, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits link components between the identical voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's total resistance, current distribution, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the speed at which electric power is conveyed by an electrical network, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Produced through diverse origins such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and sustainable sources, and crucial for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of power in the SI system, showing the speed of energy flow or conversion. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points, which pushes the stream of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in V and represents the work per single charge accessible to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the standard unit of electric potential, electric potential difference, and voltage in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per charge unit between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electrical charge through a conductor, commonly measured in A. It is crucial for powering electronic gadgets and allowing the operation of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the unit of electrical flow in the International System of Units, represented by A. It measures the flow of electrical charge through a wire over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the level of electrical power or current demanded by devices and electrical load in a circuit. It affects the layout and power of power systems to ensure secure and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical enclosure used to securely contain wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a secure and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a convenient and consistent method of providing electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is commonly used for recharging and feeding a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a device that transforms direct current (DC) from inputs like cells or solar arrays into AC suitable for domestic gadgets. It enables the use of standard electrical devices in environments where only DC energy is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack is an collection of several individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically adjust the angle of photovoltaic panels to monitor the sun’s path throughout the daytime, optimizing power intake. This innovation improves the performance of photovoltaic energy harvesting by maintaining optimal panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the energy production of solar panel setups by constantly tuning the working point to correspond to the optimal power point of the solar panels. This methodology ensures the highest efficiency power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by separately enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a device that observes and examines the performance of photovoltaic panel systems in real-time, offering valuable data on energy production and system health. It assists enhance solar energy generation by identifying problems early and ensuring highest performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are thin, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are commonly used in solar arrays to supply energy to homes, devices, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of numerous minute silicon lattice structures, commonly used in solar panels and chip fabrication. Its manufacturing process involves melting and reforming silicon to generate a ultra-pure, polycrystalline form fit for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a ultra-pure variant of silicon with a continuous crystal arrangement, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic components. Its homogeneous framework allows for improved charge movement, resulting in superior performance compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics are a type of thin-film solar technology that provides a cost-effective and efficient solution for extensive solar energy generation. They are their great absorption efficiency and moderately low manufacturing fees in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are flexible photovoltaic devices that employ a composite compound of copper, indium, Ga, and selenium to turn sunlight into electricity effectively. They are noted for their great light capturing efficiency, bendability, and capability for compact, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a disordered atomic arrangement, making it more flexible and easier to deposit than structured silicon. It is frequently used in thin-film solar cells and electronic components due to its economic advantage and flexible characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic modules aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and new techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, cutting costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are advanced photovoltaic modules that use multiple p-n junctions stacked in tandem to collect a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, greatly enhancing their efficiency. They are mainly applied in space satellites and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their outstanding energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are essential devices that transform solar radiation into electric power to supply onboard systems. They are typically lightweight, long-lasting, and designed to operate efficiently in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor recognized for its excellent electron mobility and effectiveness in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses or reflectors to direct sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, significantly increasing energy transformation efficiency. This technology is suitable for massive solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, delivering a cost-effective option for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and bendable form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of CIGS compound as the light-absorbing layer, known for high efficiency and bendability. They offer a lightweight, economical alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with reliable operation in various environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a very thin layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in diverse technological fields. These layers are important in electronics, light manipulation, and films for their unique physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a renewable and cost-effective energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a sheet of material ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers in dimension, often applied to surfaces for purposeful functions. These layers are used in diverse fields, including electronics industry, optical technologies, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to illustrate minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are high-precision gauges used to exactly measure small distances or widths, commonly in machining and manufacturing. They feature a calibrated screw mechanism that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a narrow, ring-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the foundation for producing semiconductor devices. It functions as the core material in the production of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are thin-film solar units known for their high efficiency and adaptability, ideal for various uses. They use a layered semiconductor architecture that transforms sunlight immediately into electrical energy with excellent performance in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a type of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is known for being affordable and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sun rays directly into power using photovoltaic cells, supplying a renewable energy source for household, business, and grid applications. They provide a clean, renewable, and cost-effective way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that converts sunlight into electrical energy using a light-sensitive dye to capture light and produce electron flow. It offers a affordable and flexible alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This technology offers the potential for lower-cost, adaptable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that utilize carbon-based molecules, to transform sun's energy into electric power. They are easy to handle, pliable, and provide more affordable, extensive solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous photovoltaic substance used in thin-film solar modules due to its plentiful and safe elements. Its superior photo-electronic properties make it an desirable alternative for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of building materials, such as roofing, outer walls, and glazing. This innovative approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining design elegance and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to diffuse through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves the process of applying a thin film to the inside or outside of cars or structures panes to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It improves privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and provides a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of solar power stations details various large-scale solar energy installations around the globe, highlighting their capacities and locations. These stations function a important role in renewable energy production and worldwide efforts to cut carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are large-scale facilities that turn sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. They are crucial in sustainable power creation, reducing reliance on coal and oil, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of challenges such as waste, global warming, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote sustainable practices and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are renewably replenished, such as sunlight, breezes, and hydropower. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to traditional fuels, reducing environmental impact and supporting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as lignite, crude oil, and methane, are non-replenishable supplies formed over geological eras and are consumed when used. They are the primary energy sources for power production and transportation but pose ecological and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various power sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear energy, and green energy into electricity. This process usually takes place in electricity plants where turbines and generators work together to produce power for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, poisonous elements such as lead, Hg, cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness measures how well a solar panel converts sunlight into usable electrical energy. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is crucial for maximizing renewable energy generation and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metal ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This phenomenon provided key evidence for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves subjecting products to higher-than-normal stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of solar panels has quickened rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and reducing prices. This growth is revolutionizing the world energy sector by increasing the share of clean solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power facilities designed to generate electricity on a industrial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover large areas and utilize PV modules or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a clear instrument that bending light to converge or spread out rays, creating images. It is frequently used in equipment like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an approaching light ray and the perpendicular line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a thin layer applied to lens surfaces to minimize reflections and enhance light passage. It enhances the crispness and brightness of lenses by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitudes counteract each other, resulting in a diminution or complete elimination of the resultant waveform. This event typically happens when the waves are out of phase by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to an electric current that alternates direction, typically used in electrical distribution networks. Its voltage varies sinusoidally throughout its cycle, enabling effective conveyance over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a small component used to transform direct current (DC) from a individual solar panel into AC suitable for domestic use. It enhances system efficiency by maximizing energy production at the module level and streamlines installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC electrical energy, is electricity delivered through a system where the voltage level and electric flow periodically reverse direction, enabling cost-effective transmission over extended ranges. It is generally used in residences and commercial sectors to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a type of electrical coupling used to deliver DC energy from a power supply to an electronic equipment. It usually consists of a cylindrical plug and receptacle that guarantee a reliable and trustworthy attachment for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international protection validation agency that assesses and approves products to guarantee they meet particular protection norms. It helps consumers and firms recognize reliable and safe products through strict assessment and analysis methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this arrangement, the constant electric current passes through all parts, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, giving multiple routes for current flow. This arrangement allows units to operate independently, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a solid-state device that allows current to flow in one way exclusively, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12 volt, designed to provide electrical power for various devices and attachments inside of a car. It enables users to power electronic gadgets or use small electronics when on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for linking peripherals to computing systems, enabling information exchange and power supply. It supports a wide range of hardware such as keypads, pointer devices, external drives, and mobile phones, with various versions offering higher speeds and improved features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into electrical energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in maximizing energy generation and making solar power economical and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It aims to advance breakthroughs in solar, wind, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to support a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, spanning from radio signals to gamma rays, each with varied wavelengths and energies. This range is fundamental to numerous technological applications and natural phenomena, allowing data exchange, diagnostic imaging, and understanding of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It plays a crucial role in including vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin harm and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color scheme based on shades of a sole hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create balance and connexion. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and elegance by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a crucial parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the intensity of sunlight reaching a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to quantify the intensity of power or power received or emitted over a specific area, often in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with comprehending the spread and movement of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of diverse hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is frequently used to depict the distribution of light or signal bandwidths in multiple scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a large body of air with relatively even temp and moisture features, originating from certain origin areas. These air masses affect climate trends and atmospheric states as they pass through diverse regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the assessment of the energy per square kilometer received from the solar source in the type of light. It varies with solar phenomena and Earth's atmospheric conditions, influencing weather patterns and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the buildup of debris, and foreign matter on the surface of photovoltaic modules, which reduces their performance. Regular cleaning and servicing are essential to reduce energy waste and ensure best performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when current flow is absent, measured across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the peak electrical current that passes through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, happens, skipping the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the highest power output of a solar array under ideal sunlight conditions. It indicates the module's peak ability to generate electricity in typical testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an measuring tool used to measure the voltage between separate points in a electronic circuit. It is frequently utilized in different electrical and electronic fields to maintain proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion movement within the photovoltaic materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi metallic element crucial for plant growth and used in multiple industrial uses, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It has distinctive chemical properties that cause it beneficial in manufacturing durable, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring optimal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a solid and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant collects sunlight using large groups of photovoltaic modules to generate renewable electricity. It provides an green energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined practice of using land for both solar energy output and farming, making the most of space and resources. This method boosts crop production while concurrently creating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar energy devices able to absorb sunlight on both sides, improving overall energy output. They are usually installed in a way that enhances performance by utilizing albedo reflection and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a framework that provides shade while producing electricity through embedded solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a assembly of multiple photovoltaic modules designed to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in green energy setups to deliver environmentally friendly, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a construction that provides shade and protection from the elements for outdoor living spaces. It boosts the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a terrace, making it a cozy space for relaxation and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of celestial entities in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference heading, usually true north, to the line between an surveyor to a target object. It is often used in navigation, mapping, and celestial observation to indicate the orientation of an object in relation to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic material extensively utilized in thin-film solar panels due to its excellent performance and cost efficiency. It demonstrates outstanding optical properties, making it a common choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies are key in promoting solar energy adoption and innovation across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a quantity of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to quantify large-scale power generation output and usage. It is generally associated with electricity stations, electricity networks, and large-scale power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a international leader in solar PV energy solutions, specializing in manufacturing thin film-based solar modules that offer high-performance and economical energy production. The organization is focused on eco-friendly energy development and cutting down the world dependency on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in effortlessly linking various parts of industrial and automated systems to improve performance and dependability. It concentrates on creating cutting-edge solutions that facilitate efficient communication and cooperation among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a leading Chinese firm specializing in producing and developing solar-powered solar goods and services. Renowned for state-of-the-art tech and sustainable energy initiatives in the renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of power equal to one billion W, often employed to represent the ability of massively scaled electricity production or usage. It underscores the immense energy magnitude involved in current power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the concept where the production cost drops as cumulative output increases, due to gaining knowledge and efficiencies gained over time. This effect highlights the significance of accumulated experience in lowering costs and improving productivity in manufacturing and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy transform sunlight immediately into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This technology is a pure, sustainable energy source that assists lessen reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of producing solar or wind energy becomes equal to or lower than the cost of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity means that sustainable energy sources are financially competitive with traditional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the primary electrical power supplied to homes and companies through a grid of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for different appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the region, and is transmitted through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all parts of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is essential for securing the efficient and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is absorbed from the solar radiation using PV panels to convert electricity or through solar heating systems to produce heat. It is a renewable, renewable, and eco-conscious energy source that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in residential, business, and industrial environments to produce green, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, providing sustainable energy solutions where standard power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of sun-powered items features a variety of devices that harness sunlight to generate energy, supporting eco-friendly and eco-conscious living. These products include ranging from solar chargers and lights to appliances and outdoor tools, delivering versatile alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar power plant is a plant that generates sunlight immediately into electricity using solar modules. It is a sustainable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV use lenses and mirrors focusing sunlight onto highly efficient photovoltaic cells, greatly enhancing energy capture using a compact footprint. This approach works well in areas with intense, direct sunlight and provides a viable solution to lowering the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
