| Solar panel | Solar array are instruments that convert sunlight into electricity using solar cells. These are an green and renewable energy source, decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a device that absorbs sunlight to convert heat, typically used for water heating or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sun rays to generate thermal energy, which can be used for hot water production, space warming, or electricity production. It is a sustainable and eco-friendly technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic country in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural heritage, notable attractions, and vibrant urban areas like London. It boasts a diverse scenery of gentle slopes, historic forts, and bustling urban centers that combine heritage with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the environmental light emitted by the star, vital for life on Earth as it provides power for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a form of energy resulting from the flow of electrically charged entities, primarily electrons. It fuels numerous devices and infrastructures, supporting modern life and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a reversed electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional movement of electric charge, typically produced by cell packs, electrical sources, and solar cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, rendering it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a instrument that stores chemical energy and transforms it into electric power to run various electronic gadgets. It consists of multiple electrochemical cells, each housing electrode pairs interposed by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an green power option that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a unit that transforms direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into AC appropriate for home use and utility connection. It is essential for optimizing energy use and guaranteeing secure, consistent energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that reverses direction cyclically, typically used in domestic and business power supplies. It allows for optimal transmission of electricity over long distances and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that manages the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and damage. It guarantees optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a tool used to determine the size, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes tools like scales, climate gauges, and manometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that automatically the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement across the day, maximizing energy absorption. This system boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge plants that utilize sunlight to produce electricity using many solar panels. They supply a sustainable and eco-friendly energy resource, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and lowering carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves setting up photovoltaic panels on building rooftops to produce electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-integrated solar energy setup changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar panels that absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. This electricity is then sent wirelessly to our planet for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions retain excess energy generated from green sources or the grid for future use, improving energy independence and efficiency. These installations typically utilize batteries to deliver backup power, reduce energy costs, and support grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of photovoltaic cells tracks the progress and innovations in solar power technology from the initial invention of the solar effect to contemporary high-efficiency solar arrays. It showcases key innovations, including the creation of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent innovations that have substantially improved power transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French physicist by profession renowned for his pioneering work in the study of the solar effect and luminescence. His tests laid the foundation for grasping how light interacts with particular materials to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for discovering the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research formed the basis for the development of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source framework used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an US innovator who invented the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work set the foundation for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work laid the foundation for modern solar energy technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned innovative entity historically associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the source of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and number 14, well known for its essential role in the manufacturing of electronics and solar panels. It is a hard, breakable crystal substance with a steel-gray shine, predominantly employed as a electronic component in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a little unit installed on each photovoltaic panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This technology enhances system performance, facilitates better performance monitoring, and increases energy production in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a device that converts sunlight straight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is frequently used in photovoltaic systems to provide a green and sustainable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that offers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon is a basic particle which represents a unit of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without having rest mass. It plays a crucial role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the mechanism by which particular compounds turn sunlight straight into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the core foundation behind solar cell technology, facilitating the capturing of solar solar power for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a thin slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the base for fabricating integrated circuits. It serves as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its regular, neat crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, flexible design, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the weight of building components and stationary equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, furniture, and environmental factors. Both are critical considerations in engineering design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components sequentially, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the identical voltage source, permitting various paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's total resistance, current distribution, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy represents the velocity at which electricity flows by an electrical circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Created through diverse origins such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and green energy, and fundamental for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a measure of power in the SI system, showing the rate of energy movement or conversion. It is equal to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points, which pushes the stream of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in V and represents the power per unit charge ready to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the derived unit of voltage, potential difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the potential energy per unit charge between locations in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electrical charge through a metal wire, usually measured in amps. It is essential for energizing electronic equipment and facilitating the working of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere represents the standard of electrical current in the SI units, symbolized as A. It quantifies the movement of electric charge through a circuit over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the amount of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the design and capacity of power systems to ensure safe and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical casing used to protect wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a convenient and consistent method of providing electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is often used for powering and energizing a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a instrument that changes DC from sources like accumulators or solar arrays into AC suitable for home devices. It enables the use of common electrical appliances in settings where only DC power is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack functions as a collection of numerous individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically align the position of photovoltaic panels to follow the sun’s path throughout the daytime, maximizing power intake. This system improves the efficiency of photovoltaic energy harvesting by maintaining best solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to maximize the power generation of solar energy systems by continuously adjusting the performance point to align with the maximum power point of the solar cells. This process guarantees the most efficient energy harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by separately improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a device that monitors and analyzes the performance of photovoltaic panel systems in real-time, delivering useful data on energy production and system status. It aids maximize solar power output by spotting problems promptly and ensuring optimal performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are thin, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sunlight directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a sustainable energy source. They are frequently used in solar arrays to generate electricity for homes, appliances, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of numerous small silicon crystals, commonly used in solar modules and semiconductor manufacturing. Its creation involves fusing and recrystallizing silicon to create a pure, polycrystalline type fit for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a high-purity type of silicon with a single lattice structure, making it extremely capable for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its homogeneous formation allows for better electron transfer, resulting in better efficiency compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a category of thin-film solar method that provides a cost-effective and high-performance option for massive solar energy production. They are known as their great absorption efficiency and comparatively low manufacturing expenses versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible solar devices that employ a composite compound of Cu, indium, gallium, and selenium to convert sunlight into power efficiently. They are known for their excellent absorption effectiveness, flexibility, and potential for compact, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a amorphous atomic configuration, making it more flexible and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is often used in solar panels and electronic components due to its affordability and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar cells are advanced photovoltaic modules that use several p-n connections arranged in tandem to collect a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly enhancing their efficiency. They are mainly applied in space missions and advanced solar power installations due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are vital components that generate solar radiation into electricity to power onboard equipment. They are typically lightweight, robust, and designed to operate efficiently in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of several elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metal, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor recognized for its great electron mobility and efficiency in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ optics or reflectors to focus sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-band solar cells, significantly increasing energy transformation efficiency. This technique is suitable for large capacity solar power plants in areas with clear sunlight, providing a affordable option for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and bendable form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of copper indium gallium selenide as the light-absorbing layer, known for excellent energy conversion and adaptability. They offer a lightweight, cost-effective alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with excellent performance in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or μm, used in diverse technological uses. These coatings are essential in electronics, light manipulation, and coatings for their special physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of compound spanning fractions of a nanometer to multiple micrometers in thickness, often placed on surfaces for functional purposes. These layers are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to illustrate extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate gauges used to precisely measure tiny gaps or thicknesses, generally in machining and fabrication. They feature a adjusted screw device that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a narrow, ring-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the substrate for constructing semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the production of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are compact solar units famous for their superior output and adaptability, perfect for diverse applications. They use a layered semiconductor architecture that turns sunlight immediately into electricity with outstanding effectiveness in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a form of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is known for being affordable and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into energy using PV cells, offering a sustainable energy source for household, business, and grid applications. They deliver a clean, long-lasting, and cost-effective way to cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduce carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that transforms sunlight into power using a light-sensitive dye to take in light and produce electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and versatile alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the potential for lower-cost, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photovoltaic units that utilize carbon-based compounds, to transform sun's energy into electricity. They are easy to handle, bendable, and enable cost-effective, broad solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a advantageous photovoltaic substance used in thin-film solar panels due to its earth-abundant and non-toxic elements. Its superior photo-electronic properties make it an desirable alternative for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of building materials, such as rooftops, facades, and glazing. This modern approach enhances power savings while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to scatter through, hiding detailed view but still allowing shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves placing a light film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices windows to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It enhances privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and provides a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of solar power stations details various massive solar energy installations around the planet, showcasing their capacities and locations. These facilities serve a important role in green energy production and worldwide efforts to cut carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are extensive facilities that transform sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They play a vital role in renewable energy generation, lessening dependence on coal and oil, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of challenges such as contamination, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished, such as solar radiation, breezes, and hydropower. It offers a eco-friendly option to traditional fuels, decreasing ecological footprint and promoting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as coal, crude oil, and methane, are finite resources formed over extensive periods and are exhausted when used. They are the primary power sources for electricity generation and mobility but pose ecological and environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electrical power. This process typically occurs in electricity plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electric current for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, harmful elements such as plumbum, quicksilver, Cd, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness assesses how effectively a photovoltaic device generates sunlight into usable electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency is essential for increasing renewable energy generation and cutting reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metallic surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This phenomenon provided key evidence for the development of quantum theory by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves subjecting products to elevated stresses to speedily determine their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar panels has accelerated rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological advancements and cost reductions. This development is changing the international energy scene by boosting the percentage of sustainable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power installations designed to generate electricity on a business scale, providing power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a clear instrument that refracts light to converge or diverge rays, forming images. It is frequently used in instruments like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to lens surfaces to cut down on glare and increase light flow. It boosts the crispness and brightness of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when two waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes cancel each other out, causing a reduction or total eradication of the combined wave. This occurrence generally happens when these waves are phase-shifted by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, typically used in electrical distribution networks. The electrical potential changes sinusoidally throughout its cycle, allowing cost-effective transfer across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a small component used to convert direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into AC suitable for domestic use. It enhances system efficiency by maximizing energy production at the panel level and streamlines installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC electrical energy, is electrical energy delivered through a setup where the potential difference and electric current regularly reverse polarity, enabling optimized transmission over vast spans. It is commonly used in households and commercial sectors to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a kind of electrical coupling used to deliver direct current (DC) power from a power supply to an device. It typically consists of a round plug and socket that ensure a firm and dependable attachment for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a worldwide security certification agency that evaluates and approves products to confirm they comply with specific safety norms. It assists consumers and businesses find dependable and protected products through strict evaluation and analysis procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic networks in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this arrangement, the constant current passes through all components, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where elements are connected across the same voltage source, providing multiple paths for current flow. This configuration allows units to operate independently, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode is a semiconductor device that permits current to move in a single direction only, serving as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12V, intended to supply electrical power for various devices and attachments within a vehicle. It allows users to power electronic gadgets or operate small devices during on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripheral hardware to computing systems, allowing data transfer and electric power. It supports a wide range of devices such as keyboards, pointer devices, external storage devices, and mobile phones, with different revisions providing higher speeds and improved features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into usable energy. Enhancing this efficiency plays a key role in optimizing energy generation and making solar power economical and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar power, wind power, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to promote a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic waves, ranging from radio signals to gamma rays, featuring varied lengths and power. This range is essential for a wide array of devices and natural phenomena, allowing data exchange, medical imaging, and understanding of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It has a crucial role in processes like vitamin D production but can also lead to skin harm and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color scheme based on alterations of a individual hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and accord. This layout approach emphasizes clarity and grace by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the intensity of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to measure the intensity of power or power received or emitted over a specific area, frequently in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in understanding the spread and conveyance of energy across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of different tones or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is frequently used to depict the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a substantial volume of air with fairly uniform thermal and humidity features, originating from certain starting areas. These air masses affect weather patterns and air situations as they move across various zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the assessment of the energy per unit area received from the Sun in the manner of light. It fluctuates with solar cycles and Earth's atmospheric conditions, influencing weather patterns and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in photovoltaic systems refers to the collection of dirt, and other particles on the surface of solar arrays, which diminishes their output. Regular cleaning and care are essential to limit energy waste and ensure best performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when there is no current, taken across its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the highest electrical current that travels through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, takes place, going around the normal load. It creates a significant safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a assessment of the maximum power capacity of a solar array under ideal sunlight conditions. It reflects the panel's peak ability to generate electricity in standard testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to check the electrical potential between separate points in a electronic circuit. It is commonly used in numerous electrical and electronic setups to ensure proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in solar modules where high voltage stress causes a significant reduction in energy production and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion movement within the solar cell components, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a semi-metal chemical element necessary for plant growth and employed in various industrial applications, like glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits distinctive chemical properties that render it valuable in manufacturing robust, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring perfect tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant collects sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic modules to generate renewable electricity. It provides an green energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated practice of employing land for both solar energy generation and agriculture, optimizing space and resources. This strategy boosts crop production while simultaneously producing renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar energy devices designed to harvest sunlight using both surfaces, improving overall energy generation. They are commonly positioned in a way that allows for increased efficiency by taking advantage of albedo reflection and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a framework that provides shelter while generating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a assembly of numerous solar panels designed to produce electricity from sunlight. It is often used in sustainable power systems to generate clean, sustainable power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a construction that offers shade and shelter from the weather for al fresco areas. It enhances the practicality and visual charm of a terrace, making it a comfortable zone for rest and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference heading, typically true north, to the line linking an viewer to a point of interest. It is commonly used in wayfinding, mapping, and astronomy to define the direction of an object in relation to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic material extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost efficiency. It exhibits outstanding optical features, making it a popular option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies highlights the leading manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in promoting solar energy integration and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, used to assess large-scale electricity generation and consumption. It is typically associated with electricity stations, electricity networks, and large-scale energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a worldwide leader in solar power solutions, focused on manufacturing thin film-based solar modules that deliver high efficiency and economical power generation. The firm is committed to sustainable renewable energy advancement and decreasing the global dependence on fossil fuels through advanced solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in effortlessly connecting various parts of manufacturing and automation systems to enhance productivity and dependability. It aims on developing innovative solutions that facilitate seamless communication and compatibility among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a leading China's firm specializing in producing and developing solar solar products and solutions. Famous for its advanced technology and sustainable energy initiatives in the renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often utilized to represent the potential of massively scaled electricity production or usage. It underscores the vast energy extent involved in current energy infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production decreases as overall production rises, due to learning and improvements obtained over time. This phenomenon highlights the significance of learned skills in cutting expenses and enhancing efficiency in production and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This technology is a pure, green energy source that helps cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of generating solar or wind energy is equivalent to or less than the expense of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity signifies that renewable energy sources are economically competitive with conventional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the standard electrical power supplied to houses and companies through a grid of power lines, offering a consistent source of energy for numerous appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the region, and is transmitted through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all components of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the optimum and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is harnessed from the sun's rays using solar cells to generate electricity or through solar thermal systems to provide warmth. It is a green, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly source of power that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in domestic, commercial, and factory environments to produce clean, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where traditional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar energy goods features a variety of gadgets that harness sunlight to generate energy, encouraging green and sustainable living. These items include everything from solar chargers and lights to appliances and outdoor equipment, delivering flexible solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An photovoltaic power station is a plant that generates sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. It is a sustainable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics use optical lenses or mirrors focusing solar radiation on advanced solar cells, considerably increasing power output from less space. This technology is highly suitable where bright, direct sunlight plus, it offers a viable solution to cut solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
